Camera

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The Maxwell Render camera is designed to work as a real camera so it is important to understand some photographic concepts. One is exposure, the other is depth of field. Understanding these two concepts is a crucial first step toward your virtual photography with Maxwell and we recommend reading carefully through this page if you are not already familiar with them. If you're already an amateur or pro photographer then you will feel right at home with the Maxwell camera.

Understanding Exposure

There are three camera parameters that control exposure, in other words how much light reaches the sensor:

• f-Stop: please see further down on this page.

• Shutter speed: the "shutter" is a light occluding piece of material put in front of the sensor to block light from reaching it. When you take the photo, the shutter is moved out of the way to expose the sensor to light. Then it is moved back again in front of the sensor. The speed at which this is done is named shutter speed. The faster it is, the shorter time the sensor is exposed to light. Thus if you have a very low light scene you need to use a long exposure (such as 1/10th of a second) to avoid a totally black ("underexposed") render. The opposite is true, for example, a bright daylight scene. In this case, you need a much shorter shutter speed (such as 1/500th of a second) to avoid a totally white ("overexposed") render.

• ISO: Before digital, this referred to the film's sensitivity to light. For digital, and our purposes, it's a way of "boosting" the sensor's response to light, making it more sensitive. A higher ISO value means more sensitivity, thus less light is needed, or a shorter shutter speed can be used to achieve the same exposure. Please note that unlike a digital camera that shows more noise in the image as you raise its ISO level, rendering in Maxwell does not introduce more noise if you use a higher ISO.

Default Maxwell camera exposure

When you first add a camera to the scene, its exposure settings will be set so as to produce a correct exposure in a bright daylight situation. If you try to use the same exposure settings for an interior lit with usual artificial lighting, you will get a very underexposed, or completely black render. This is because in reality there is an enormous difference in light levels between the two situations. Judging reality simply by our eyes is misleading because our eyes and brain adapt automatically very well. But you have to tell the camera what the lighting situation is. So if you get a completely black, or completely white render the first thing you should do is try to change the camera's exposure and not the intensity of your emitters.

Should I use shutter speed, f-stop, or ISO to change the exposure, or a combination?

The answer depends on two factors. Whether you want to control the Depth of Field (see below) or not in your scene, and whether you are rendering an animation or a still.

The f-stop affects not only exposure but also the depth of field, and thus how blurry or sharp your out-of-focus areas appear. If you are satisfied with the DOF of a render, but want only to change exposure then you should not use f-Stop to change it. Use instead either ISO and Shutter speed. The advantage also is that ISO and shutter speed can be adjusted interactively while Maxwell is rendering, and also after the render is finished without needing to re-render. However if you change the f-Stop, you need to re-render for the new DOF to be taken into account.

The shutter speed also affects in reality another aspect besides the exposure - the amount of blur (motion blur) you see in an animation. The faster the shutter opens and closes, the better it can "freeze" motion and thus you see less motion blur. Sometimes, this is undesirable, as a complete lack of motion blur in a sequence makes it seem like it's jittery. So if you do not want to also affect the amount of motion blur in an animated sequence, do not use Shutter speed to change the exposure. For more info on motion blur and how to use it with the Maxwell camera, please see the Motion Blur page.

ISO is the only parameter that changes only exposure. You can use it "safely" to change exposure in both situations mentioned above. As mentioned before, raising the ISO will not introduce more noise to the render.

If you are rendering a still, and there is no animation of the objects you wish to convey, even in a still render, then using ISO or Shutter speed to change the exposure will produce the exact same result and it is perfectly fine to use any of the two, or both.

Understanding Depth of Field (DOF)

DOF is the depth of the area in a photo that will be in focus. The are several camera parameters that influence the DOF, such as the size of the film or digital sensor, and the distance of the camera to the object. But the main parameters which control it are F-stop and Focal length. Besides the parameters themselves, the most important thing to consider in order to get predictable results is the scale of the objects in your scene. They have to be modeled to the real-world scale you intend them to be. For more info see Scene scale.

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The render above illustrates the DOF effect - Only the zippo in the middle is in focus, while the objects extending away from this point of focus get increasingly blurrier. This image is said to have a “narrow” DOF.

The area that will be in perfect focus is where the camera target is located. from the image above you can see the camera target is located close to the zippo in the middle. the focal distance is the distance between the camera and the camera target.

"Narrow" vs "Wide" DOF

The reason why it is called narrow or wide depth of field is that the area that is in focus extends from the focus point, towards and away from the camera. The depth of this area does not have an absolute start and ending point - the image won't suddenly go out of focus, it is a gradual effect. While the exact point where the camera target falls will be in perfect focus, human eyes cannot tell the difference between very small changes in sharpness, so the depth of the area in focus is based on what is considered to be "acceptable sharpness". How this standard of acceptable sharpness is defined is beyond the scope of this page, what is important to understand is that a narrow DOF will have only a very thin area of the image which appears in focus, while a wide DOF will have most of the image in focus.

In Maxwell Studio, and some of the plugins, you can see a read-out of the DOF when looking through the camera in a viewport:

Using DOF to your advantage

Many photographers use the selective focus that a narrow DOF gives to draw the attention of the viewer to a certain part or subject in a photo. For example, a narrow depth of field is used for portrait photography to keep the subjects face in focus while blurring out the background to keep it from distracting attention from the subject. It can also be used artistically in architectural photos if you wish to draw attention to a certain detail of a building.

F-Stop

On a real camera, the F-stop changes the aperture of the lens. A smaller F-stop number (ex. f2.8) means the aperture is more open, a higher F-stop number (ex. f16) means the aperture is more closed:

The effect of changing the F-stop (size of the lens aperture) is two-fold - it changes the exposure (it lets more or less light in to reach the digital sensor or film), and it increases or decreases the DOF. A higher F-stop number creates a larger DOF (more of the image in focus) and vice versa. So as the aperture decreases in diameter with a higher F-stop number, the DOF will increase and the exposure will change, making the image darker. To prevent also the exposure to increase/decrease while changing the F-stop you can use the Auto exposure feature in the Camera settings. When it is checked and you change the F-stop, the shutter speed will also change automatically to compensate for the change in exposure.

The image below shows how the DOF has increased when changing the F-stop from 2.8 to 5.6, while having Auto exposure checked:

On a real lens, changing the F-stop is not a smooth change, but is done in incremental steps because of the mechanics of the aperture blades opening and closing. The common F-stop scale is:

This is called a "full stop" F-stop scale, meaning each increase in the F-stop halves the amount of light reaching the film. Most lenses also have intermediate F-stops, such as 1.2, 1.8, 3.2, 7.1, etc. The Maxwell Camera allows you to change the F-stop to any value you like, for example 3.21 which wouldn't exist in a real lens. It also allows you to set very high F-stop numbers such as 100. It is generally recommended though to use a real lenses range of aperture to have more predictable real-life responses to DOF, exposure, and light intensity.

Bokeh

When parts of a photo are very much out of focus, the blurred highlights in the photo tend to take on the shape of the lens aperture. For example if the aperture is made of five opening/closing blades creating a hexagonal shape, the out of focus highlights will have this shape. The Maxwell camera lets you choose whether you want these blurred highlights to have a smooth round shape or a polygonal shape. These settings are found under "Diaphragm" in the Camera parameters. Maxwell also supports Anamorphic bokeh which is a non-uniform bokeh effect (see the Anamorphic Bokeh page for more details).

Focal Length

The focal length of a lens determines the field of view (FOV), or how much you see of your scene, and also the DOF. A small focal length lens (15-24mm) is said to be a wide-angle lens because it captures a lot of the scene (it has a wide FOV), and its DOF is wide too: almost all the objects in the scene will be in focus. A large focal length lens (80-200mm) is said to be a telephoto lens. It acts like a binocular, “zooming” in to a particular area of your scene. It has a small FOV and the DOF will be very narrow too: only a small portion of your scene will be in focus.

The Focal Length of a lens refers to the distance between the lens and its focal point. The focal point is where the light will be focused, usually where the film / digital sensor is.

Comparing two extremes, a very wide angle lens (15mm) and a "telephoto" lens (500mm):

In the above examples, the camera with the wide angle lens setting was moved very close to the first Zippo and you can see that it still captures all the Zippos because of the extremely wide FOV. Notice also the perspective distortion that happens with such a wide angle lens - the objects seem more "stretched" and distorted, as when looking through a peephole. Also the distance between each Zippo becomes exaggerated. In contrast, the telephoto lens squashes, or flattens the perpective, it becomes difficult to tell exactly how far apart each Zippo is.

The camera also had to be moved far back to capture all the Zippos. Notice also that with the wide angle lens it is only the Zippo very close to the camera which is out of focus. Any objects not close to the lens will be in perfect focus, no matter the F-stop setting. With the telephoto lens, the DOF is still narrow, even narrower than the render with the same F-stop but with a 50mm lens.