Important

To ensure that all the Maxwell camera attributes such as Region and Blow-up render, and Shift Lens work correctly and that all the Maxwell-specific camera attributes appear in the Max attribute editor, make sure to use a Free camera or a Target camera. Avoid using the "Physical camera" as the Maxwell-specific attributes will not appear for this type of camera.

Max Camera Attributes

The following image shows in green which Max camera attributes are taken into account by Maxwell:

The near and far clipping distances are applied when "Auto Render Clip Plane" is off, just like in the Maya Software renderer; this feature is called Z-clip planes in the main Maxwell documentation. The horizontal and vertical film offsets are used to simulate a Shift Lens. Maxwell can only render both perspective and ortographic cameras or views.

Maxwell-Specific Camera Attributes

The plug-in adds a group called "Maxwell Render" at the bottom of the camera Attribute Editor. This contains the Maxwell-specific attributes:

Since the Maxwell camera is very similar to a real-life DSLR camera, most of the parameters in this group should be intuitive to anyone familiar with traditional photography: shutter speed, f/stop, ISO, exposure mode, diaphragm. The Camera section in the main Maxwell documentation contains a detailed explanation of how these features work.

The region settings allow you to render only a part of the frame. You can set region manually or by pressing the "Get Max Region" button which will compute the region values based on the Max region render gizmo. The "Region Mode" attribute has 3 possible values:

Full: region rendering is off.
Region: only the specified region is rendered and the rest of the image is black.
Blowup: the region is scaled to cover the full render resolution. Black bars are added to maintain the aspect ratio if needed

The "Lens Type" settings allow you to control the type of the lens the camera will render with. An in-depth explanation of each lens type is available in the Camera Lenses section from the main Maxwell documentation. All lens types can be set using this setting except for the Orthographic lens type. Instead, the plugin exports cameras with the Orthographic lens type when "Orthographic Projection" is turned on in order to provide a viewport preview. When the camera is marked as Orthographic, this setting is ignored.

The "Custom Bokeh" settings allow you to change the aspect ratio of the bokeh effect, to simulate an anamorphic lens.

Focus

Unlike other render engines, Maxwell always computes the depth of field (except when using the "Pinhole" type lens). This effect is influenced by 4 factors: the size of the objects, the focal length, the f/stop and the focus point. It is important to use realistic camera settings and model sizes in order to obtain correct renders. Please see the main Camera documentation for more info.

The focus plane is always parallel to the camera film plane. By default, it is placed at the centre of interest of the camera - the point around which the camera orbits when you manipulate it in the viewport. This point coincides with the target when the camera is a Target camera. The f/stop number controls the depth of the focus volume, or how much it extends in front and behind the focus plane.

If you need to control the focus point independently of the aim point, you can check the "Manual Focus Distance" box in the Maxwell attributes group and adjust the "Focus Distance" attribute. The focus plane will still be perpendicular to the camera aim vector, but it will be placed at the specified distance from the camera position.

If you wish to move the focus to a certain object without altering the camera position, you can select both the camera and the object and click the "Focus to selection" button on the Maxwell toolbar().

Exposure

The exposure of the rendered image is influenced by the shutter time, f/stop number and film ISO rating. The shutter time and f/stop also influence motion blur (if enabled) and depth of field, respectively. The ISO value acts simply as an intensity multiplier and doesn't alter any other aspects of the output (in a real DSLR, increasing the ISO also increases the electronic noise of the sensor, but Maxwell simulates a "perfect" sensor which does not have this unwanted behaviour). To simplify set-up, the plug-in offers 4 exposure modes: manual, aperture priority, shutter priority and rotary shutter.

In manual mode, you can control shutter and f/stop independently, as illustrated in these images:

Shutter Speed: 1/20 - Fstop: 16

Shutter Speed: 1/20 - Fstop: 8

Shutter Speed: 1/10 - Fstop: 16

You can see how going from f/16 to f/8 makes the image brighter, but also produces a more shallow field (more blur). Leaving the f/stop unchanged and increasing the exposure to 1/10 seconds produces a brighter image, but also increases the motion blur on the opening lid.

The priority modes which can be selected from the "Exposure Mode" dropdown allow you to keep the exposure constant while varying either the shutter time or the f/stop, but not both. The exposure is defined by the EV number, a standardized setting found on cameras which also offer priority modes. When using shutter priority, you can change the shutter time to control motion blur and the f/stop is adjusted automatically:

Shutter priority - EV: 14 - Shutter Speed: 1/10

Shutter priority - EV: 14 - Shutter Speed: 1/20

Notice how the two images have equal brightness, but the motion blur is less pronounced when the shutter time is halved. However, since the f/stop is adjusted automatically to keep the exposure constant, lowering the shutter time also produces a more shallow field, as you can see by comparing the blur on the foremost lighter.

The situation is reversed when the priority mode is set to aperture: you can control the f/stop directly and the shutter time is computed.

Aperture priority - EV: 14 - Fstop: 18

Aperture priority - EV: 14 - Fstop: 10

The brightness is not affected by going from f/18 to f/10, so in this mode, you can control the depth of field without affecting exposure. Since in this case the shutter time is slaved to the f/stop, a lower f-number also produces shorter exposure, so in the second image, there's almost no motion blur.

The fourth mode, rotary shutter, can be configured separately by checking the "Use Rotary Shutter" box. A rotary shutter is a device found on movie cameras which is used to control the shutter time: a semicircular object rotates in front of the film, performing a complete rotation during a frame. The angle of the opening in the shutter determines how long the film is exposed to light: 90 degrees means that the shutter time is a quarter of the frame time, while a value of 360 degrees means there's no shutter at all and the film is exposed for the whole duration of the frame.

In this mode Maxwell overrides the shutter time value input by the user with the value computed from the angle (time = angle / 360 * frame time, with frame time = 1 / FPS). It then adjusts the film ISO value so that you get the same exposure as you would with the shutter, f/stop and ISO values that are specified in the camera parameters. This means that you can set up the exposure and depth of field as you would for a still shot and then control the motion blur independently, without affecting anything else in the render.

Fstop: 18 - Shutter Speed: 1/10 - ISO: 500 - Rotary shutter: off

Fstop: 18 - Shutter Speed: 1/10 - ISO 500 - R. shutter angle: 90

Fstop: 18 - Shutter Speed: 1/10 - ISO 500 - R. shutter angle: 180

Observe how turning on rotary shutter leaves the exposure and depth of field unchanged and allows you to control the motion trails in isolation. This is in contrast with the shutter priority mode, where changing the motion blur also affected the depth of field, and with the manual mode, where changing the blur also changed the image brightness.

The rotary shutter feature is incompatible with the aperture priority mode. If these settings are used in combination, the plug-in will issue a warning at export time and force the exposure mode to shutter priority.

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